Dr Voss Gibson•
Introduction to GLP-1 Drugs
GLP-1 drugs are injectable or oral medications designed to mimic the body’s natural GLP-1 hormone. They are primarily used to manage type 2 diabetes and, increasingly, for weight loss under medical supervision. Understanding their mechanism and benefits can help you make informed health choices.
Overview of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists
GLP-1 agonists, such as semaglutide and tirzepatide, enhance insulin release, slow digestion, and reduce appetite. These actions improve glycemic control and support weight loss. The Mayo Clinic notes their growing popularity due to dual benefits for diabetes and obesity.
History and Development
GLP-1 drugs emerged in the early 2000s, with exenatide (Byetta) as one of the first approved in 2005. Advances led to longer-acting options like semaglutide (Ozempic, 2017) and tirzepatide (Mounjaro, 2022), approved by the FDA and Australia’s TGA for enhanced efficacy.
How Do GLP-1 Drugs Work?
GLP-1 drugs target multiple physiological pathways to regulate blood sugar and body weight, offering a unique approach to chronic disease management.
Mechanism of Action
GLP-1 agonists mimic the GLP-1 hormone, stimulating insulin secretion in response to meals, suppressing glucagon, and slowing gastric emptying. This reduces appetite and promotes satiety. The Cleveland Clinic explains that these effects lower blood sugar and support weight loss.
Effects on Blood Sugar and Appetite
By enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing post-meal glucose spikes, GLP-1 drugs lower HbA1c levels by 1–2% on average. Their appetite-suppressing effects can lead to 10–20% body weight loss, making them effective for obesity management, as noted by the World Health Organization.
Dual-Action Drugs Like Tirzepatide
Unlike most GLP-1 drugs, tirzepatide (Mounjaro) also activates GIP receptors, enhancing its weight loss and glycemic control effects. Studies show it outperforms single-action GLP-1 agonists like semaglutide in weight reduction, per StatPearls.
Common GLP-1 Drugs Available
Several GLP-1 drugs are available, each with unique features and indications.
Semaglutide-Based Medications (e.g., Ozempic, Wegovy)
Semaglutide is available as Ozempic (for type 2 diabetes) and Wegovy (for weight loss). Both are weekly injections, with Wegovy approved for higher doses to maximize weight loss. Ozempic reduces HbA1c by up to 1.8%, per Drugs.com.
Tirzepatide-Based Medications (e.g., Mounjaro, Zepbound)
Tirzepatide, found in Mounjaro (diabetes) and Zepbound (weight loss), offers dual GLP-1 and GIP action. It achieves up to 20% weight loss in trials, surpassing semaglutide, according to Cleveland Clinic.
Other Options (e.g., Liraglutide, Dulaglutide)
Liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda) and dulaglutide (Trulicity) are other GLP-1 agonists. Liraglutide requires daily injections, while dulaglutide is weekly. Both are effective but less potent for weight loss compared to newer options.
Comparison of GLP-1 Drugs
| Drug | Active Ingredient | Primary Use | Dosing | Average Weight Loss | Common Side Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug:Ozempic | Active Ingredient:Semaglutide | Primary Use:Type 2 diabetes | Dosing:Weekly | Average Weight Loss:10–15% of body weight | Common Side Effects:Nausea, vomiting |
| Drug:Wegovy | Active Ingredient:Semaglutide | Primary Use:Weight loss | Dosing:Weekly | Average Weight Loss:12–17% of body weight | Common Side Effects:Nausea, constipation |
| Drug:Mounjaro | Active Ingredient:Tirzepatide | Primary Use:Type 2 diabetes, weight loss | Dosing:Weekly | Average Weight Loss:15–20% of body weight | Common Side Effects:Nausea, diarrhea |
| Drug:Trulicity | Active Ingredient:Dulaglutide | Primary Use:Type 2 diabetes | Dosing:Weekly | Average Weight Loss:5–10% of body weight | Common Side Effects:Nausea, fatigue |
| Drug:Saxenda | Active Ingredient:Liraglutide | Primary Use:Weight loss | Dosing:Daily | Average Weight Loss:8–12% of body weight | Common Side Effects:Nausea, headache |
